Nanomaterial Based Biosensors for Disease Detection: A Review

Abstract

The advent of nanotechnology has revolutionized biosensing, enabling the development of highly sensitive, rapid, and portable diagnostic platforms. This review comprehensively examines advancements in nanomaterial-based biosensors for detecting a broad range of diseases, including infectious diseases, cancers, neurodegenerative disorders, and cardiovascular conditions. Leveraging unique properties of nanomaterials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, metal nanoparticles, and MXenes, these biosensors achieve exceptional analytical performance, often detecting biomarkers at femtomolar to attomolar concentrations. We discuss the operational principles of electrochemical, optical, and field-effect transistor (FET)-based biosensors, emphasizing their applications in point of care (POC) diagnostics. Despite significant progress, challenges persist in clinical validation, reproducibility, stability, and large-scale manufacturing. The review concludes by highlighting future trends, including multiplexed detection, integration with artificial intelligence (AI), and the development of sustainable and wearable sensor platforms.