Bioceramics for Orthopedic and Dental Applications: Materials, Performance, and Challenges

Abstract

Bioceramics play a pivotal role in the reconstruction of orthopedic and dental hard tissues due to their optimized mechanical performance, chemical stability, and tunable bio interactivity. These materials are traditionally categorized into three major classes bioinert, bioactive, and bioresorbable each exhibiting distinct functional characteristics derived from their crystallographic structure and surface properties. Their clinical utility spans from enabling long term osseointegration to serving as temporary scaffolds that support tissue regeneration. Nevertheless, inherent limitations, including structural brittleness, elastic modulus mismatch with native bone, and challenges in achieving precise control over in vivo degradation kinetics, continue to constrain their performance. To overcome these limitations, recent technological advancements have focused on developing mechanically enhanced nanocomposites, implementing nanoscale surface engineering to improve cellular responses, designing stimuli responsive “smart” ceramics, and leveraging additive manufacturing (3D printing) to fabricate patient-specific implants with optimized microarchitectures. Future research directions include creating multifunctional bioceramic systems, synchronizing degradation profiles with host tissue regeneration dynamics, and integrating advanced drug delivery systems (DDS) within bioceramic matrices. The overarching goal is to engineer next generation bioceramics that exhibit superior regenerative potential and highly predictable biological integration, ultimately improving their long term clinical efficacy.